07-written-communication

Professor Shannon Ellis

UC San Diego
COGS 137 - Fall 2024

2024-10-24

Effective Written Communication

Q&A

Q: I am confused on how to draw meaning from the combined data visualizations because I don’t understand what difference between variables like thc and thcooh are (and the other compounds).
A: This is something I want groups to discuss/look into! And, we’ll discuss more of this today. But, also, check out this piazza post.

Q: Would sensitivity and specificity be related to type I and type II errors?
A: Yes! Type I Error (measured as 1-Specificity) is known as the false positive rate. Type II Error (1- Sensitivity) is also known as the false negative rate. These concepts are directly related.

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Course Announcements

Due Dates:

🧪 Lab 04 due Thursday (11:59 PM)
💻 CS01 due Monday (11:59 PM)
📋 Lecture Participation survey “due” after class
💻 mid-course survey now available (due Fri at 11:59 PM)

Notes:

lab 03 scores and feedback posted; everyone received feedback; check GH issue
lab 05 is available and the focus this Fri/Mon lab…but not due until after CS01. Best to do it before CS01, as it will help CS01 completion
Thursday will be semi-guided class time for working on your case study. Communicate with your group to encourage attendance.

Agenda

Communicating for your audience
Written Communication
Visual Communication

Note: We’ll discuss oral communication closer to the end of the quarter, when you’ll have to present out loud.

Consider your audience

What does this mean?

❓ What does it mean to “consider your audience?”

Simply: You do the work so they don’t have to.

…also the aesthetic-usability effect exists.

What’s the right level?

General Audience
✔ background
🚫 limit technical details
🎉 emphasize take-home

Technical Audience
⬇ limit background
💻 all-the-details
🎉 emphasize take-home

Considerations

Platform: written? oral?

Setting: informal? formal?

Timing: never go over your time limit!

Choose informative titles

On presentations: Balance b/w short and informative (goal: concise)

Avoid: “Analyzing NHANES”

Better: “Data from the NHANES study shows that diet is related to overall health”

On visualizations: emphasize the take-home! (what’s learned or what action to take)

Avoid: “Boxplot of gender”

Better: “Twice as many females as males included for analysis”

Avoid: “Tickets vs. Time”

Better: “Staff unable to respond to incoming tickets; need to hire 2 FTEs”

Effective Written Communication

Benefits of written communciation

Your audience has time to process…but the explanation has to be there!

Visually: more on a single visualization

Yes, often there are different visualizations for reports/papers than for presentations/lectures.

When you have time to digest (read)

❓ What makes this an effective visualization for a written communication?”

Source: Storytelling wtih data by cole nussbaumer knaflic

Written Explanations

Visualizations should be explained/interpreted
Analyses/Models should be explained
- should be clear what question is being answered
- what conclusions is being drawn
- and what numbers were used to draw that conclusion

Data Science Reports in .Rmd

As concise as possible
Important information introduced before referenced (datasets, jargon, etc.)
Necessary details (for your audience); nothing more
- Be sure that the knit output contains what you intended (plots displayed; headers etc.)
- …and does NOT display stuff that doesn’t need to be there (messages/warnings suppressed, brainstorming, etc.)
Typical Sections: Introduction/Background, Setup, Data, Analysis, Conclusion, References

Controlling HTML document settings

Table of Contents

---
title: "Document Title"
output:
  html_document:
    toc: true
    toc_float: true
---

Theme

---
title: "Document Title"
output:
  html_document:
    theme: united
    highlight: tango
---

Figure Options

---
title: "Document Title"
output:
  html_document:
    fig_width: 7
    fig_height: 6
    fig_caption: true
---

Code Folding

---
title: "Document Title"
output:
  html_document:
    code_folding: hide
---

Controlling code chunk output

Specified in the curly braces, separated by commas

eval: whether to execute the code chunk
echo: whether to include the code in the output
warning, message, and error: whether to show warnings, messages, or errors in the knit document
fig.width and fig.height: control the width/height of plots

Controlling for the whole document:

knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.width = 8, collapse = TRUE)

Editing & Proofreading

Did you end up telling a story?
- Things missing?
- Things to delete?

Do not fall in love with your words/code/plots

Do spell check
Do read it over before sending/presenting/submitting

Aside: Citing Sources

When are citations needed?

“We will be doing our analysis using two different data sets created by two different groups: Donohue and Mustard + Lott, or simply Lott”

“What turned from the idea of carrying firearms to protect oneself from enemies such as the British monarchy and the unknown frontier of North America has now become a nationwide issue.”

“Right to Carry Laws refer to laws that specify how citizens are allowed to carry concealed handguns when they’re away from home without a permit”

“In this case study, we are examining the relationship between unemployment rate, poverty rate, police staffing, and violent crime rate.”

“In the United States, the second amendment permits the right to bear arms, and this law has not been changed since its creation in 1791.”

“The Right to Carry Laws (RTC) is defined as”a law that specifies if and how citizens are allowed to have a firearm on their person or nearby in public.””

Reminder: You do NOT get docked points for citing others’ work. You can be at risk of AI Violation if you don’t. When in doubt, give credit.

Footnotes in .Rmd

How to specify a footnote in text:

Here is some body text.[^1]

How to include the footnote’s reference:

[^1]: This footnote will appear at the bottom of the page.

Effective Visual Communication

The Glamour of Graphics

builds on top of the grammar (components) of a graphic
considerations for the design of a graphic
color, typography, layout
going from 😬accurate to 😍effective

The following example uses the penguins dataset from the palmerpenguins package (would have to be installed to run these.)

library(palmerpenguins)

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  labs(title = "Count vs. Species") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = 1))

ggplot(penguins, aes(y = fct_rev(fct_infreq(species)), fill = species)) +
  geom_bar() +
  geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=after_stat(count)), hjust = 1.5, color = "white", size = 7) +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("#454545", rep("#adadad", 2))) +
  labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica", 
       subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
  theme_minimal(base_size = 14) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot", 
        panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        axis.title = element_blank(),
        legend.position = "none")

Informative Titles
Left Align Titles
Borders & Backgrounds: 👎
Organize & Remove/Lighten as much as possible
Legends Suck
Avoid head-tilting

Note

A reminder that when you’re doing EDA, you’re going to generate a lot of plots. Don’t spend your time making all of them beautiful. Save that for the “editing” portion of your case study. Once you know which are needed to tell your story, add them in.

Recap

Tailor communication for setting and audience
Written communication has benefit of time; limitation of additional explanation
Can you control your HTML output from .Rmd document?
Do you know when to cite a source?
Can you implement design choices when generating visualizations for communication?

07-written-communication

Effective Written Communication

Q&A

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[ad] COGS Transfers

Course Announcements

Agenda

Suggested Reading

Consider your audience

What does this mean?

What’s the right level?

Considerations

Choose informative titles

Effective Written Communication

Benefits of written communciation

When you have time to digest (read)

Written Explanations

Data Science Reports in .Rmd

Controlling HTML document settings

Controlling code chunk output

Editing & Proofreading

Aside: Citing Sources

Footnotes in .Rmd

Effective Visual Communication

The Glamour of Graphics

An Example…

Recap